A large miles balance can still be frustrating if the flights you want are unavailable or require significant extra payment.
Start with your routes
List the trips you regularly take and check whether each programme serves them directly or through partners.
Price a real redemption
Search the same route and date range using miles and cash. Include taxes, carrier charges and any transfer fee when comparing value.
Avoid scattered balances
Consider whether you can earn enough points in one programme for a useful reward before they expire. Simplicity can beat small bonuses spread across many accounts.
Details and policies can change. Check the current terms with the seller or provider before deciding.
Editor's guide
Daniel Foster
Editorial guides to understanding loyalty programmes.
